謝銘洋臺灣大學:法律學研究所賴韻羽Lai, Yun-YuYun-YuLai2010-05-052018-07-052010-05-052018-07-052008U0001-3101200813215000http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/179378因著作權人身分不明或失聯，導致利用人無法獲得著作權人授權之著作，在美國被稱為「孤兒著作」，而是否立法處理「孤兒著作」之問題，不只在美國引起關注，於歐盟亦為討論課題，加拿大、日本兩國更是早有法規因應，為了解決個別利用人面臨著作權人不明之困難，我國研議中之數位內容產業發展條例草案亦擬定相關規定。於此背景下，本文乃深入探討孤兒著作問題源起，並論述以現行著作權法如何處理該問題，進而檢視比較法例，反思我國立法上如何為宜，提出修正建議。 全文共分為六章，第一章為緒論。第二章釐清孤兒著作爭議產生緣由，說明數位科技之進步為一大原因，並透過分析美國著作權法之立法沿革，以及孤兒著作實務上相關判決，闡述著作權保護期間之延長，與登記制之變遷亦為影響主因，進而與我國現況相印證，指出不論在事實面與法規面，我國與美國均有類似之處，故不能不正視孤兒著作課題。第三章敘述目前國內存在的孤兒著作爭議，並整理參酌相關實務見解，說明倘適用著作權法中著作財產權、著作人格權之限制規定，或是侵害著作權責任中故意過失之判斷，解釋上孤兒著作利用人有可能免於著作權侵害之責，縱不能免責，法院亦得考量酌減賠償額。在刑事責任部分，著作權之侵害有屬非告訴乃論之罪者，然在孤兒著作情形，若檢察官未能舉證著作仍在著作權存續期間，法院得基於罪疑有利被告原則，認利用人並無刑責。第四章介紹分析美國孤兒著作草案，以及日本、加拿大之孤兒著作規定，從而比較出各國立法上差異，如美國法例為損害賠償限制規定，利用孤兒著作不須經主管機關審查，於著作權人出面有所爭議時，始利用訴訟解決，損害賠償額以「合理」為限，通常相當於合理授權金。日本、加拿大法例則為強制授權規定，利用孤兒著作須經主管機關審查，並提存使用報酬，均可供立法借鏡。第五章為立法論，先說明國內現有著作權授權機制不足以處理孤兒著作課題，立法有其必要，並以數位內容產業發展條例草案之孤兒著作立法為探討核心，分析所採強制授權立法模式應值肯定，並就孤兒著作立法體例、法規適用範圍、利用人搜尋義務內涵、使用報酬之計算與提存、強制授權處分之救濟途徑，參酌比較法上作法為探討，進而指出體例上應將孤兒著作立法納入著作權法規範，法規要件上應刪除目前草案「為製作數位內容」之限制，並肯認未公開發表著作亦得適用孤兒著作強制授權規定，此外應明訂使用報酬由主管機關個案認定，不須另訂使用報酬之詳細計算方式。第六章為結論，總結各章論述，並擬定具體之修正條文，期能對孤兒著作問題之解決有所助益。The works whose copyright cannot be authorized to others due to the fact that the owners of the works cannot be identified or located are termed “orphan works” in the U.S. Whether it is necessary to enact laws to deal with “orphan works” is not only paid attention to in the U.S. but also widely discussed in the European Union. Canada and Japan have pioneered in legislating laws for orphan works. To solve the problem surrounding copyrighted works with unidentifiable owners, the bill concerning the act for the development of digital content industry has been drafted in our nation. Motivated by this background, this study aimed to explore the orphan works issue and discoursed how the current Copyright Act applies to such issue. Through law comparison, this study also probed into how the law should be enacted in our nation. This paper comprised six chapters. The first chapter was an introduction of this research. The second chapter clarified the origin of the orphan works issue and explained why the issue was mainly stemmed from the advancement of digital technology. By analyzing the evolution of the U.S. Copyright Law and practical cases involving orphan works, this study argued that extension of copyright terms and reform of copyright registration are also factors causing orphan works. In a further comparison, similarities could be found between the U.S. and our nation in the factual and legal aspects. Therefore, the orphan works issue cannot be overlooked. The third chapter introduced the domestic disputes over orphan works and provided practical perspectives to explain that, due to the limitations on copyrights in Copyright Act or lack of intent or negligence, users of orphan works are either exempted from copyright infringement liability or, if not fully exempted, may be judged by the court to pay a reduced compensation. In the aspect of criminal liability, in a copyright infringement case that is not a crime indictable only upon complaint, if the prosecutor fails to provide evidence for the validity of the copyright of the orphan work, in pursuant to “in dubio pro reo”, the user may be deemed free from any criminal liability. The fourth chapter analyzed the U.S. Orphan Works Act of 2006 and precedents in Japan and Canada to compare the difference in legislation. For instance, the U.S. regulations set limitations on remedies in cases involving orphan works. Users of orphan works are required to resolve the dispute in court only when the copyright owner declares his right and are subject to pay a reasonable compensation, which is generally equivalent to the reasonable royalty. Regulations in Japan and Canada are based on the compulsory license model, requiring the competent authority to approve the compulsory license and users of orphan works to deposit compensation. All these precedents can serve as a reference for a domestic act. The fifth chapter focused on the legislation of the act. First of all, this study explained that the current licensing mechanism for use of copyrighted work is not applicable to the orphan works issue, and enacting a new act is imperative. The bill concerning the act for the development of digital content industry is based on the compulsory license model and should be supported. The legal instances, applicability of the bill, user’s search obligation, calculation and deposit of compensation, and remedy procedures for compulsory license were compared with precedents to further point out that regulations governing orphan works should be included in the Copyright Act. The limited applicability of the current bill to only the “production of digital content” should be revised, and unpublished works should also apply to the compulsory license regulations for orphan works. In addition, compensation for use of orphan works should also be clearly regulated for the authority concerned to determine proper compensations case by case, so that a uniform calculation method may not be necessary. The final chapter concluded the above chapters and proposed substantive suggestions to hopefully help resolve the orphan works issue.第一章 緒論1 一節 研究動機與目的1二節 文獻回顧3三節 研究範圍4四節 論文架構6二章 孤兒著作概敘7一節 孤兒著作爭議之由來7一項 事實因素7二項 法規因素8一款 美國著作權法之沿革8二款 美國相關實務爭議12二節 我國之反思15一項 數位時代來臨使孤兒著作問題浮現15二項 著作權保護期間之延長17三項 著作權登記制度之廢止22三章 我國著作權法下孤兒著作利用困境25一節 實證上困境25二節 著作權法之適用與孤兒著作27一項 著作財產權侵害與孤兒著作之關聯27一款 孤兒著作與著作之共有27二款 孤兒著作與合理使用30一目 著作權法第四十七條30二目 著作權法第四十八條31三目 著作權法第六十五條32三款 故意過失之認定45四款 賠償額之審酌48二項 著作人格權侵害與孤兒著作之關聯49三項 刑事案件爭議53四章 孤兒著作利用之比較法制介紹57一節 美國57一項 立法相關法制背景57一款 國際規範57一目 形式要件之禁止58二目 三階段測試原則之審查59三目 權利人救濟方法之要求61二款 美國著作權法相關規定與孤兒著作立法62一目 一般性孤兒著作規定之欠缺62二目 合理搜尋之內涵64三目 損害賠償限制之立法模式66二項 2006孤兒著作草案67三項 2006孤兒著作草案立法分析71一款 立法原則與立法例之選擇71二款 孤兒著作規定適用客體72一目 是否適用於未出版著作72二目.是否規定著作年限73三款 搜尋義務暨權利金要件73一目 合理勤勉搜尋之考量因素73二目 合理勤勉搜尋標準之認定77三目 無法聯繫著作權人之內涵78四目 權利金78四款 損害賠償暨禁制令限制要件79一目 金錢損害賠償限制79二目 非商業利用行為之損害賠償限制81 三目 禁制令之限制81四項 反對之輿論意見82一款 孤兒著作要件之針砭82二款 孤兒著作立法之影響83二節 加拿大85一項 立法背景85二項 條文介绍85三項 施行現況87四項 相關檢討與建議88三節 日本89一項 法制沿革89二項 現行規定90三項 制度實施現況96四項 相關檢討與建議97四節 小結99五章 解決孤兒著作困境之機制分析103一節 著作權授權機制與孤兒著作103二節 立法模式106一項 國內相關草案106一款 數位內容產業發展條例107二款 一般強制授權規定108三款 其它立法建議109二項 立法模式之選擇110一款 立法模式之優與劣110一目 強制授權規定110二目 我國著作權法第四十七條規定114三目 損害賠償限制之立法116二款 小結116三節 孤兒著作利用之法定要件評析118一項 立法體例118二項 是否對適用著作範圍加以限制119一款 是否限於已公開發表著作119二款 是否限定著作種類121三款 是否限於已登記著作122四款 是否排除外國著作122五款 是否限定於已拋棄著作權之著作123六款 是否限定於非供營利使用之著作124七款 是否設定不得為孤兒著作之最低年限124三項 「已盡相當努力」之搜尋標準125四項 使用報酬127一款 計算標準127二款 提存機關130五項 強制授權處分之撤銷與廢止132 一款 行政機關職權為之132二款 依當事人請求134六章 結論137考文獻iapplication/pdf1058889 bytesapplication/pdfen-US數位內容孤兒著作強制授權法定授權合理使用digital contentorphan workscompulsory licensestatutory licensefair use[SDGs]SDG16thesishttp://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/179378/1/ntu-97-R94a21050-1.pdf