過去研究發現較佳的高爾夫運動表現與注意力分配有關，外在注意力焦點可能使動作系統呈現趨近自動化，進而提高動作效能，並產生較佳的高爾夫表現。然而，過去內外在注意力對於高爾夫運動表現的研究結果呈現出不一致。可能導致研究結果不一致的原因：無標準化的口頭指導語、表現評估方法並無考慮到動作穩定性、參與者是否有依照實驗操弄執行等方法學上的問題，使得結果產生變異。有鑑於此，本文欲歸納過去在注意力焦點與高爾夫運動研究典範，主要包含：指導語內容、表現評估方法及操弄檢測，進而歸納三者在各個研究可能影響實驗信度和效度的關鍵因子，最後提出對於未來可能之研究發展的建議。本文獲致以下有助於提升實驗品質的方法：（一）標準化指導語內容並分出近端及遠端外在注意力焦點；（二）加入分析變異誤差檢視動作穩定度；（三）加入指導語操弄檢測量表提供量化數據增加可信度。 Past research has revealed that better golf performance is associated with the allocation of attention. An external focus of attention makes the motor system approach to automaticity, and thus promotes the efficiency of attention and facilitates superior performance. However, the results of the relationship between attention of focus and golf performance seem inconsistent. Three methodological concerns to this issue might be included: no standardized verbal instructions, motor stability not to be considered in performance measurements, and whether participants perform according to the experimental instructions. In view of these, this article highlighted research paradigm between focus of attention and golf performance. Main critical factors contained the content of experimental instructions, performance measurement, and manipulation check list. This article also offered some suggestions for increasing reliability and validity, including external focus of attention subdividing into distal focus of attention, analyzing motor stability with variable error and adding analyzing manipulation check list with quantity data.

Sustained vocalizations of vowels [a], [i], and syllable [mə] were collected in twenty normal-hearing individuals. On vocalizations, five conditions of different audio-vocal feedback were introduced separately to the speakers including no masking, wearing supra-aural headphones only, speech-noise masking, high-pass noise masking, and broad-band-noise masking. Power spectral analysis of vocal fundamental frequency (F0) was used to evaluate the modulations of F0 and linear-predictive-coding was used to acquire first two formants. The results showed that while the formant frequencies were not significantly shifted, low-frequency modulations (<3 Hz) of F0 significantly increased with reduced audio-vocal feedback across speech sounds and were significantly correlated with auditory awareness of speakers' own voices. For sustained speech production, the motor speech controls on F0 may depend on a feedback mechanism while articulation should rely more on a feedforward mechanism. Power spectral analysis of F0 might be applied to evaluate audio-vocal control for various hearing and neurological disorders in the future.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between auditory function and vocal fundamental frequency (F0) using binaural masking with speech noise during sustained vowel vocalization. DESIGN: Eight healthy subjects were instructed to vocalize the sustained vowel /a/ at the intensities of 65 to 75 dBA and 90 to 100 dBA as steadily as possible. The phonations without noise masking were compared with the phonations under masking with 85-dBA speech noise presented to both ears through headphones. The F0s were obtained by using autocorrelation of the voice signals and were converted to cents to form a F0 sequence. The power spectrum of the F0 sequence was then acquired using fast Fourier transformation. RESULTS: A significant increase in the power spectrum in the frequency range of <3 Hz (p < 0.05, paired Student t-test) appeared under noise masking. A negative feedback control of the auditory system on F0 is suggested regarding F0 modulations of <3 Hz. CONCLUSIONS: The auditory system helps control a stable F0 during sustained vowel production by decreasing F0 modulation at <3 Hz. Power spectral analysis of F0 may be used to assess the interaction between F0 production and auditory feedback.

Prolonged ischemia amplified iscehemia/reperfusion (IR) induced renal apoptosis and autophagy. We hypothesize that ischemic conditioning (IC) by a briefly intermittent reperfusion during a prolonged ischemic phase may ameliorate IR induced renal dysfunction. We evaluated the antioxidant/oxidant mechanism, autophagy and apoptosis in the uninephrectomized Wistar rats subjected to sham control, 4 stages of 15-min IC (I15 x 4), 2 stages of 30-min IC (I30 x 2), and total 60-min ischema (I60) in the kidney followed by 4 or 24 hours of reperfusion. By use of ATP assay, monitoring O2-. amounts, autophagy and apoptosis analysis of rat kidneys, I60 followed by 4 hours of reperfusion decreased renal ATP and enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and proapoptotic and autophagic mechanisms, including enhanced Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, cytochrome C release, active caspase 3, poly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerase (PARP) degradation fragments, microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) and Beclin-1 expression and subsequently tubular apoptosis and autophagy associated with elevated blood urea nitrogen and creatinine level. I30 x 2, not I15 x 4 decreased ROS production and cytochrome C release, increased Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), Copper-Zn superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) and catalase expression and provided a more efficient protection than I60 against IR induced tubular apoptosis and autophagy and blood urea nitrogen and creatinine level. We conclude that 60-min renal ischemia enhanced renal tubular oxidative stress, proapoptosis and autophagy in the rat kidneys. Two stages of 30-min ischemia with 3-min reperfusion significantly preserved renal ATP content, increased antioxidant defense mechanisms and decreased ischemia/reperfusion enhanced renal tubular oxidative stress, cytosolic cytochrome C release, proapoptosis and autophagy in rat kidneys.

Pei-Lin Lee serves as Clinical Associate Professor, School of Medicine, National Taiwan University; Consultant, Center of Sleep Disorder, National Taiwan University Hospital. Her current academic positions at international sleep societies include American Academy of Sleep Medicine Fellow and Co-Chair International Assembly; Asian Society of Sleep Medicine, Sleep Medicine Education Task Force committee member. Her current research focuses on the era of new technology and big data in sleep medicine; and intervention on sleep and metabolism in sleep disordered breathing.