https://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/13979
標題: | 記憶拘禁營:日裔加拿大人之歷史、文學、空間再現 Remembering Internment: Historical, Literary, and Spatial Memories of Japanese Canadians |
作者: | 王芮思 Wang, Ruey-szu |
關鍵字: | 日加拘禁營;日加補償協議;歷史記憶;小川樂的《歐巴桑》;亞加文化研究;小川樂屋;再現政治;Japanese Canadian internment;Japanese Canadian redress settlement;historical memory;Joy Kogawa’s Obasan;Asian Canadian Studies;Historic Joy Kogawa House;politics of representation | 公開日期: | 2012 | 摘要: | 摘要 西元1988年日加補償協議是日裔加拿大人的拘禁營記憶─亦即其對於日裔加拿大人在二戰期間及其後所經歷的強制驅逐、集中拘禁、財產剝奪、遣送出境,以及境內驅散的共同記憶─獲得加拿大官方歷史承認及容納的重要里程碑。然而,日裔加籍學者及運動人士洛伊米基認為,若僅將日加補償協議理解為加拿大政府誠懇且具悔意的舉動,將過於簡化日裔加拿大人爭取國家補償的複雜過程。他認為日加補償協議應該被更精確的理解為:「一小部份公民的非凡成就,這些公民,因國家對於他們公民權的侵犯而發起求償運動,旨在透過協商和聯邦政府取得雙方均可接受的補償協議」。在此,米基提醒我們,日加補償協議其實是加拿大政府對於日裔加拿大人的拘禁營記憶考慮縝密且有策劃性的承認;值得注意的是,加拿大政府在認錯的同時,也得到(重新)定義拘禁營記憶的權力。 本篇論文探究在日加補償協議達成前、中、後,透過歷史、文學、空間再現所產生的日加拘禁營記憶,主旨不只在於分析拘禁營記憶的內容,更在於理解此記憶如何透過迥異的再現方式被建構。本文第二章探討拘禁營的歷史,尤其著眼於肯安達所著的《不曾是敵人》(1976) 以及安砂原所著的《種族主義的政治》(1981)。我主張這兩個文本凸顯出日裔加拿大人在爭取補償運動中,從強調日裔加拿大種族認同轉而訴求類似階級認同的過程。本文第三章探討拘禁營的文學再現,特別以小川樂的小說《歐巴桑》和其文學評論為討論重點。雖然環繞著《歐巴桑》已經發展出多樣且常互相抵觸的文本政治,我主張這些文本政治仍不足以涵蓋當今日裔加拿大人記憶拘禁營紛雜多元的形式。本文第四章探討拘禁營的空間再現,以西元2006年在溫哥華設置的歷史遺跡「小川樂屋」為主要研究對象。各界對於將小川樂的童年住所列為史跡的反應不一,有人認為符合道德邏輯,但亦有人受到冒犯。我認為簡單的道德二分法無法幫助我們釐清文化運動者和日裔加籍異議人士各自對於「小川樂屋」記憶地景的複雜情感投入。透過對於歷史、文學、空間記憶的分析,本篇論文強調日加拘禁營的再現在1988年之後持續進行,並成為權力運作和危機發生的場域。 Abstract The 1988 Japanese Canadian redress settlement marked a moment when collective memories of the expulsion, detention, dispossession, deportation, and dispersal of Japanese Canadians in Canada during and after World War II—in short, what I would call memories of Japanese Canadian internment—became recognized by and integrated into an official history of Canada. Despite such an apparently coherent account of a lost-and-found Japanese Canadian memory in Canadian national history, Roy Miki, a key Japanese Canadian scholar and activist, cautions that Japanese Canadian redress is not to be understood as simply a logical resolution of a conscientiously regretful government, and that it instead should be viewed as “an unusual achievement by a small group of citizens who, because of a nation’s violation of their citizenship rights, launched a movement to negotiate an acceptable settlement with the federal government.” Here, Miki’s reminder highlights the 1988 redress settlement as an intricately engineered official sanctioning of memories of Japanese Canadian internment, which takes as its price and prerogative the re/coding and the de/limiting of those memories. This thesis investigates memories of Japanese Canadian internment mediated through specific historical, literary, and spatial representations produced before, during, and after redress. In doing so, it not only analyzes what is remembered about internment, but also asks how these memories are constructed through disparate frames of representation. Chapter Two of this thesis focuses on the historiography of internment with specific attention paid to Ken Adachi’s The Enemy That Never Was (1976) and Ann Sunahara’s The Politics of Racism (1981). I argue that these texts have foregrounded Japanese Canadians’ identity shift from race in itself to class for itself during the redress movement. Chapter Three turns to literary representations of internment in Joy Kogawa’s novel Obasan (1981) and its critical reception. While Kogawa’s text has generated diverse, and sometimes conflicting, theorizations of Japanese Canadian textual politics in the arena of Asian Canadian Studies, I argue that these theorizations have yet to adequately account for the miscellaneous ways internment is being remembered by Japanese Canadians today. Chapter Four draws attention to spatial representations of internment in a commemorative site, Historic Joy Kogawa House (established in Vancouver in 2006). While the monumentalization of Joy Kogawa’s childhood house was deemed ethical by some and offensive by others, I argue that a simple ethical dichotomy would not sufficiently valorize both cultural activists’ and dissident Japanese Canadians’ vexed investments in the Kogawa House memoryscape. Through an analysis of these historical, literary, and spatial memories, this thesis underlines how representations of Japanese Canadian internment have culminated in power as well as crisis and have continued to be in process well past 1988. |
URI: | http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/247616 |
顯示於: | 外國語文學系 |
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