https://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/14511
標題: | 重劃疆界:從喬伊斯小說中的贈予行為看禮物經濟與慾望經濟之糾葛 | 作者: | 黃宗慧 | 關鍵字: | 喬伊斯;慾望經濟;贈予;禮物;James Joyce;economy of desire;acts of giving;gift | 公開日期: | 31-七月-2004 | 出版社: | 臺北市:國立臺灣大學外國語文學系暨研究所 | 摘要: | 喬伊斯的小說經常出現「贈予」這個子題,但是處理的方式卻不見 得展現了人性中慷慨的德行;不管是《都柏林人》〈埃若比〉故事中想 在市集買份禮物送給愛慕對象以證明他虔誠之愛的小男孩,還是〈死者〉 裡企圖以金幣為禮遮掩與女僕間的不快並鞏固自己上流階級身份的男 主角,喬伊斯對禮物經濟的呈現,很少浪漫地將送禮視為維繫人際和 諧、信賴、情意,自動自發又完全利他的行為,反而比較接近德希達 (Jacques Derrida)與布厄迪(Pierre Bourdieu)等人對禮物經濟的解構與批 判—即認為禮物總有其算計甚至謀利的一面、總包含了送禮者想透過送 禮行為回饋自己某種象徵性回禮的目的,只是大眾都共同以默契否認了 禮物中算計的面向。但《尤利西斯》裡的布盧姆卻又被刻畫成不吝慷慨 贈予的角色,這其中是否矛盾?還是透過喬伊斯所刻畫的,形形色色的 禮物贈予行為,我們正可以觀察到禮物經濟與慾望經濟的糾葛?本計畫 認為,禮物若總是有著利己的訴求,往往是因為送禮者在禮物上投資了 許多慾望,送禮者有意或無意地將所認知的自我形象以及對對方形象的 看法轉為符碼,加諸禮物之上,禮物因此承載了送禮者的慾望投射,也 就夾帶了送禮者期待禮物能被接受認可、慾望能被滿足的目的性。在閱 讀喬伊斯文本而觀得的這個基礎上,本計畫針對禮物經濟與慾望經濟之 間的互動關係,探索了以下的問題:在哪些情況下我們特別會啟動這種 慾望投資?禮物是否為重新定位送禮者與受禮者的關係而服務、類似一 種重劃疆界的行為?因此是否當自我(ego)較脆弱時—自身的身份認同 不穩定、對於與他人之關係缺乏確定感等等—主體特別會想採取贈予行 為來重劃疆界?而以《尤利西斯》為例,面對妻子不忠、因此其做為丈 夫的身份極不穩固的布盧姆,他送禮給妻子莫莉、女傭、秘密通信者瑪 莎的行為,是否正是一次次重劃自我與女性定位的嘗試? Redrawing the Boundaries: From the Suspicious Acts of Giving in James Joyce’s Texts to the Intricate Relation between the Gift Economy and the Economy of Desire The motif of generosity appears at various points in James Joyce’s texts but is not always dealt with in a laudatory way. Gabriel Conroy in “The Dead,” for instance, patronizingly tips the servant a gold coin after their skirmish to confirm his social status. The narrator of “Araby,” likewise, intends to find a gift for Mangan’s sister in the bazaar so as to prove his devotion to her. Instead of celebrating generosity, Joyce seems to enjoy poking fun at the concept of generosity by laying bare the self-serving function of the gift. On the other hand, in Ulysses, Joyce depicts Leopold Bloom as one who is willing to help the needy, one who generously spends the majority of his money on gifts during the Bloomsday. Does Joyce’s different presentations of gift-giving betray his self-contradiction? Or it is precisely through these different presentations that we can grasp the intricate relation between the gift economy and the economy of desire? My recent study has been focusing on the gift economy in Ulysses to investigate Joyce’s concepts of calculation and generosity. I find that Joyce’s presentation of the gift economy not so much frustrates our expectation of genuine generosity as enables us to recognize the reason why gifts can hardly be disinterested: it is because the gift is invested with the donor’s desire, specifically the desire to redraw the boundaries between the recipient and himself, that the act of giving is not immune from calculation. If in selecting and giving a gift, as Mark Osteen suggests, the giver necessarily projects both his sense of the recipient and his self-image onto the gift, then gift-giving can be considered a symbolic act which allows the giver to (re)define his relationship with the recipient and thereby to establish their identities as well. Taking the Joycean gift economy as a point of departure, this research project explores thoroughly the relation between the gift economy and the economy of desire. I suggest that if we investigate the incentives which drive the subject to put the gift economy in motion, we will realize that the act of giving is motivated, most of the time, by the giver’s attempt to redraw the boundaries between the self and the other. The obscene gift book Bloom obtains for Molly, for example, is encoded with his idea of her as a purchasable commodity and his own image as a cuckolded husband desiring for sexual gratification. The gift of garters for his servant Mary, likewise, is employed to express Bloom’s ineffable desire to redefine their relationship as more than one between the master and the servant. |
URI: | http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/10162 | 其他識別: | 922411H002035 | Rights: | 國立臺灣大學外國語文學系暨研究所 |
顯示於: | 外國語文學系 |
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