The Molecular Basis of Viral Inhibition of IRF- and STAT-Dependent Immune Responses
Journal
Frontiers in immunology
Journal Volume
9
Journal Issue
3086
Date Issued
2019-01-08
Author(s)
Abstract
The antiviral innate immunity is the first line of host defense against virus infections. In mammalian cells, viral infections initiate the expression of interferons (IFNs) in the host that in turn activate an antiviral defense program to restrict viral replications by induction of IFN stimulated genes (ISGs), which are largely regulated by the IFN-regulatory factor (IRF) family and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family transcription factors. The mechanisms of action of IRFs and STATs involve several post-translational modifications, complex formation, and nuclear translocation of these transcription factors. However, many viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and herpes simplex virus (HSV), have evolved strategies to evade host defense, including alteration in IRF and STAT post-translational modifications, disturbing the formation and nuclear translocation of the transcription complexes as well as proteolysis/degradation of IRFs and STATs. In this review, we discuss and summarize the molecular mechanisms by which how viral components may target IRFs and STATs to antagonize the establishment of antiviral host defense. The underlying host-viral interactions determine the outcome of viral infection. Gaining mechanistic insight into these processes will be crucial in understanding how viral replication can be more effectively controlled and in developing approaches to improve virus infection outcomes.
Subjects
antiviral response; interferon; interferon-regulatory factor; interferon-stimulated gene; signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling; viral antagonism; viral attenuation
SDGs
Other Subjects
interferon; interferon regulatory factor; STAT protein; interferon; Janus kinase; STAT protein; toll like receptor; viral protein; antiviral activity; complex formation; cytosol; Herpes simplex virus; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; immune response; innate immunity; JAK-STAT signaling; molecular biology; protein degradation; protein expression; Review; signal transduction; virus inhibition; Zika virus; animal; immunology; metabolism; virus infection; Animals; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Interferon Regulatory Factors; Interferon Type I; Janus Kinases; Proteolysis; Signal Transduction; STAT Transcription Factors; Toll-Like Receptors; Viral Proteins; Virus Diseases
Publisher
FRONTIERS MEDIA SA
Type
journal article
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