Mouthing activity data for children age 3 to <6 years old and fraction of hand area mouthed for children age <6 years old in Taiwan
Journal
Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology
Journal Volume
28
Journal Issue
2
Pages
182-192
Date Issued
2018
Author(s)
Abstract
Non-dietary ingestion is an important exposure pathway for children owing to their frequent hand-to-mouth and object-to-mouth activities involving soil and dust contacts. We used videotaping and the computer-based translating methods to quantify the mouthing activity information for 24 children ages 3 to <6 years old living in Taiwan. We also reviewed the entire mouthing activity data collected during the project to determine the lesser studied information on hand surface areas mouthed by children ages <6 years old. The median indoor hand-to-mouth and object-to-mouth frequencies were found to be 10 and 4.3 contacts/h, respectively. Hand-to-mouth and object-to-mouth contact frequencies used in exposure assessments for children ages 3 to <6 years old in this study were similar to the recommended values reported in United States. Exposure Factors Handbook for comparable age US children. The average fractions of the hand area mouthed for children 6 to <12 months, 1 to <2 years, 2 to <3 years, and 3 to <6 years old were 0.12, 0.12, 0.13, and 0.09, respectively. The fraction of hand area mouthed by children was found to be significantly and negatively correlated with their age. About half of the total hand-to-mouth contact events involved immersion of part of a hand or a finger into the mouth. The findings from this study extend the available mouthing activity information for 3 to <6 years old children and also provide new data for an Asian country, allowing comparison of results with western values collected mostly in the United States. ? 2018 Nature America, Inc., part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved.
Subjects
child exposure/health; exposure modeling; multi-media studies
SDGs
Other Subjects
age distribution; analysis; child; dust; eating; environmental exposure; environmental monitoring; female; hand; human; male; mouth; preschool child; procedures; regression analysis; soil; Taiwan; videorecording; Age Distribution; Child; Child, Preschool; Dust; Eating; Environmental Exposure; Environmental Monitoring; Female; Hand; Humans; Male; Mouth; Regression Analysis; Soil; Taiwan; Videotape Recording
Type
journal article