Remote organ failure in acute kidney injury
Journal
Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi
Journal Volume
118
Journal Issue
5
Pages
859
Date Issued
2019-05
Author(s)
Abstract
Despite supportive care with renal replacement therapy, acute kidney injury (AKI) remains linked with increased short and long-term mortality, not just because of renal failure but also because of accompanying remote organ dysfunction. Increasing evidence from animal studies suggests that numerous factors contribute both to the development of AKI and the impairment of various vital organs, including pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, leukocyte infiltration, vascular permeability changes, ion channel derangement, oxidative stress, and cell apoptosis. Human studies have reported that AKI with concomitant multi-organ dysfunction is associated with a high death rate. We propose that persistent organ dysfunction after AKI can be considered in relation to three proposed mechanisms (1) classical uremic stress and its associated sequelae (2) systemic inflammation as a consequence of kidney injury (3) treatment-related effects. Using this framework, we discuss the known pathways through which AKI can affect the function of a number of remote organs. We review the short- and long-term clinical impact of AKI on other organ systems and potential mechanisms through which AKI may affect remote organ systems. Further elucidating the effects of AKI on remote organ function may lead to new therapeutic strategies to improve outcomes after AKI.
Subjects
Acute kidney injury; Inflammation; Remote organ dysfunction
SDGs
Other Subjects
loop diuretic agent; cytokine; acute kidney failure; blood vessel permeability; brain; gastrointestinal tract; heart; human; immune system; inflammation; liver; lung; mortality rate; multiple organ failure; nonhuman; remote organ failure; Review; stress; systemic inflammation; uremic stress; acute kidney failure; adverse drug reaction; adverse event; animal; apoptosis; complication; metabolism; mortality; multiple organ failure; pathophysiology; renal replacement therapy; Acute Kidney Injury; Animals; Apoptosis; Cytokines; Humans; Inflammation; Long Term Adverse Effects; Multiple Organ Failure; Renal Replacement Therapy
Publisher
ELSEVIER TAIWAN
Type
journal article