Determination of hand soil loading, soil transfer, and particle size variations after hand-pressing and hand-mouthing activities
Journal
Science of the Total Environment
Journal Volume
627
Pages
844
Date Issued
2018-06-15
Author(s)
Hu, Ching Yao
Tsou, Ming Chien
Hu, Han Jung
Özkaynak, Halûk
Bradham, Karen
Dang, Winston
Chien, L.-C.
Abstract
© 2018 Elsevier B.V. Hand-pressing trials and hand-to-mouth soil transfer experiments were conducted to better understand soil loadings, soil transfer ratios for three mouthing activities, and variations in particle size distributions under various conditions. Results indicated that sand caused higher soil loadings on the hand than clay. When the moisture level of clay soil exceeded its liquid limit, soil loadings also increased. Greater pressing pressures also led to larger clay loadings. Clay with a moisture content close to its plastic limit caused the smallest soil loadings due to strong soil cohesion. Particle sizes of the transferred clay were larger than that of the original clay, indicating that hand-pressing and the pressure exerted may have enhanced clay particles of larger sizes adhering onto the hand. Nevertheless, the sizes of most particles that adhered to the hand were still smaller than 150 μm. Higher pressing pressures and greater moisture contents resulted in larger soil loadings on the hand, and transfer ratios became smaller. Transfer ratios from palm-licking with clay particles were smaller than those from finger-mouthing, which may have been due to finer particles that more readily adhered to the skin of the palm and that were transferred from the hand to the mouth with greater difficulty.
Subjects
Exposure | Health risk | Mouthing activity | Soil loading | Soil texture | Soil transfer
Exposure; Health risk; Mouthing activity; Soil loading; Soil texture; Soil transfer
Other Subjects
Health risks; Moisture; Moisture determination; Particle size; Particle size analysis; Clay particles; Exposure; Finer particles; Particle size variation; Pressing pressure; Soil loading; Soil textures; Soil transfers; Clay; clay soil; health risk; high pressure; loading; moisture content; soil moisture; soil texture; Article; atmospheric pressure; child; environmental exposure; government; habit; hand; hand mouthing activity; hand pressing activity; hand soil loading; hand soil transfer; hazardous waste site; health hazard; human; human activities; licking; particle size; priority journal; risk assessment; soil moisture; soil property; Taiwan; analysis; chemistry; particle size; skin; soil; soil pollutant; statistics and numerical data; silicon dioxide; Environmental Exposure; Humans; Particle Size; Silicon Dioxide; Skin; Soil; Soil Pollutants
Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
Type
journal article