Spreading of 帣-lactam resistance gene (mecA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus through municipal and swine slaughterhouse wastewaters
Journal
Water Research
Journal Volume
64
Pages
288-295
Date Issued
2014
Author(s)
Wan M.T.
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a potential zoonotic agent. Municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) can be reservoirs for MRSA dissemination. It is unclear, however, whether MRSA and its β-lactam resistance gene (mecA) can be spread from WWTPs that treat the wastewater of swine auction markets. The aims of the study were to compare (1) the abundance of the mecA gene in one municipal (M-) and one swine (S-) WWTP and (2) the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of MRSA isolates from these two types of WWTPs. The concentrations of mecA gene from 96 wastewater samples were quantified using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (real-time qPCR). One hundred and thirteen MRSA isolates were recovered and were characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing. The mecA gene could be detected in all the wastewater samples. A high abundance of recovered mecA gene (2.6×101 to 1.9×104 gene copiesμg-1 of total DNA) in swine slaughterhouse wastewater implied a correspondingly high transferring/receiving potential. All MRSA isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR) and showed high MICs to different antimicrobials. The M-WWTP MRSA isolates harbored SCCmec II-IV and VII, whereas those from the S-WWTP harbored SCCmec V and IX. In conclusion, wastewater from swine slaughterhouses can make these slaughterhouses potential hotspots for the dissemination of mecA gene and MRSA, and the high MICs of MRSA from both WWTP origins may pose a health risk not only to workers but also to the general public. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.
Subjects
MecA gene; Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Municipal; Swine; Wastewater
Other Subjects
Bacteria; Genes; Health risks; Microwave integrated circuits; Polymerase chain reaction; Wastewater; Antimicrobial susceptibility testing; Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus; Minimum inhibitory concentration; Municipal; Municipal wastewater treatment plants; Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (real-time qPCR); Slaughterhouse wastewater; Swine; Wastewater treatment; antibiotic agent; beta lactam; penicillin binding protein 2a; antiinfective agent; bacterial DNA; bacterial protein; mecA protein, Staphylococcus aureus; waste water; gene expression; genotype; phenotype; pig; polymerase chain reaction; wastewater; antibiotic sensitivity; article; bacterial chromosome; gene cassette; health hazard; methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus; minimum inhibitory concentration; nonhuman; priority journal; quantitative analysis; real time polymerase chain reaction; slaughterhouse; swine; waste water management; waste water treatment plant; animal; antibiotic resistance; drug effects; genetics; isolation and purification; methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus; microbial sensitivity test; microbiology; pig; Taiwan; waste water; Abattoirs; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; beta-Lactam Resistance; DNA, Bacterial; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Swine; Taiwan; Waste Water
Type
journal article