High-level expression of AmpC β-lactamase due to insertion of nucleotides between -10 and -35 promoter sequences in Escherichia coli clinical isolates: Cases not responsive to extended-spectrum-cephalosporin treatment

Two Escherichia coli isolates were recovered from the blood of two cancer patients and were demonstrated to produce high levels of the AmpC β-lactamase with isoelectric points of >9.0. The hypertranscription of ampC RNA was observed by Northern blot hybridization in both isolates. One isolate (isolate EC44) had a point mutation (G→A at position -28) and insertion of thymidine between positions -20 and -19 of the ampC promoter gene (GenBank accession no. AE000487). The single nucleotide insertion of T between positions -19 and -20 created an optimal distance (17 bp) in the Pribnow box for ampC hyperproduction. The other isolate (isolate EC38) had two point mutations (G→A at position -28 and C→T at position +58) and a 2-base (GT) insertion between positions -14 and -15. Although the insertion of GT between positions -14 and -15 may create a new promoter next to the original promoter, cloning of the ampC region with truncated nucleotides of the original -35 region of EC38 failed to verify the hypothesis that a new promoter would be created by such a nucleotide insertion. Instead, multiple start sites for ampC transcription at -1, +1, +2, and +3 were observed in an S1 nuclease protection assay. These results suggest that the RNA polymerase is flexible in the selection of a start site in ampC hypertranscription. In conclusion, nucleotide insertions between the -35 and -10 ampC promoter sequences was the mechanism for the hyperproduction of AmpC β-lactamase and resistance to oxyimino-cephalosporins. The failure of the two patients to respond to treatment with oxyiminocephalosporins highlights the important role of such a resistance mechanism in the clinical setting.