Disentangling the effects of intergenerational transmission of depression from adolescence to adulthood: the protective role of self-esteem
Journal
European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Journal Volume
29
Journal Issue
5
Pages
679-689
Date Issued
2020-05
Author(s)
Fu M.
Abstract
This study aimed to disentangle time-stable and time-varying effects of maternal and paternal depression on trajectories of adolescent depression from ages 13 to 23 and examined whether self-esteem moderates the examined associations. Sex differences in the direct effects of parental depression and its interacted effects with self-esteem were further explored. Data were collected from a sample of 2502 adolescents and their parents participating in a panel study spanning from the year 2000 to 2009 in northern Taiwan. Multilevel modeling was conducted to disentangle the time-stable and time-varying effects of parental depression on adolescent depression. The moderating role of self-esteem and the potential sex differences in the transmission process were tested by adding two- and three-way interactions among parental depression, self-esteem, and sex of adolescents in the models. As predicted, significant time-stable intergenerational transmission of depression was found, indicating that adolescents of parents with higher levels of depression were at increased risks for depression. Self-esteem was further found to buffer the negative effects of maternal depression on development of depression in offspring. No sex-specific intergenerational transmission of depression was observed. In sum, both maternal and paternal depression contributed to elevated levels of adolescent depression. The effects of maternal depression, however, may not be uniform, but depend on levels of self-esteem. Intervention and prevention strategies that enhance self-esteem may help participants withstand the negative effects of maternal depression. ? 2019, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
Subjects
Adolescence; Depression; Intergenerational transmission; Self-esteem
SDGs
Other Subjects
adolescent; adolescent depression; adult; adulthood; Article; data analysis; depression; female; general aspects of disease; human; intergenerational transmission; Likert scale; major clinical study; male; multilevel analysis; panel study; parent; postnatal depression; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale; self esteem; sex difference; Symptom Checklist 90; Taiwan; depression; epidemiology; psychology; self concept; young adult; Adolescent; Adult; Cohort Effect; Depression; Female; Humans; Male; Self Concept; Young Adult
Publisher
Springer
Type
journal article