Association of Prenatal Exposures of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers with Hypospadias
Journal
JAMA Pediatrics
Journal Volume
173
Journal Issue
1
Pages
106
Date Issued
2019
Author(s)
Chen C.-C.
Abstract
Social studies at the middle-level is a marginalized discipline in South Carolina. Although integrated into the state's accountability testing agenda and weighted equally with English, math, and science content in state school and district report card rating calculations, differences exist in the amount of time allocated for social studies content instruction compared to other tested subjects. This study employs a causal-comparative research model (i.e, MANOVA; ANCOVA) to explore the relationship between time allocations and scheduling for social studies and student achievement in middle-level social studies. Specifically, 7th grade Palmetto Assessment of State Standards (PASS) data was collected from 117 schools in 58 districts over the 2008-2009 academic year. The study identifies and documents evidence of the impact of time allocations and scheduling of social studies. Subgroup (i.e, gender, race/ethnicity, and subsidized meal status) performance aggregate data as well as school principal data were analyzed and revealed relationships among scheduling configurations and schools' commitment to middle-level social studies instruction in South Carolina. Findings revealed no statistically significant relationships between time allocation and schedule configuration and student achievement and that principals' perceptions about and commitment to social studies instruction were associated with the time and scheduling configurations chosen to be implemented. The amount of time allocated to learn and how it is scheduled may have a role in explaining variation in student performance among and within different time and scheduling models inviting a re-examination of middle-level practices with regard to how instructional time is allocated and scheduled for social studies instruction in high-stakes tested states.
SDGs
Other Subjects
flame retardant; polybrominated diphenyl ether; diphenyl ether derivative; cryptorchism; disease association; dose response; genotype environment interaction; hormone determination; human; hypospadias; Letter; physical examination; prenatal exposure; prevalence; priority journal; female; male; pregnancy; Female; Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; Humans; Hypospadias; Male; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
Publisher
American Medical Association
Type
letter