Cytotoxicity and cell response of preosteoblast in calcium sulfate-augmented PMMA bone cement
Journal
Biomedical Materials (Bristol)
Journal Volume
16
Journal Issue
5
Date Issued
2021
Author(s)
Abstract
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) has been widely used in orthopedic applications, but bone ingrowth and toxic monomer release are drawback of this material. Particle reinforcement with osteoconductive substitute, such as calcium sulfate (CaSO4), is one of the solutions used to modify PMMA bone cement. The current study investigated the mechanical, chemical and biological properties of CaSO4-augmented bone cement. Mechanical strength was measured by a material testing machine. The concentration of methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer from the various formulations of PMMA mixed with CaSO4 was measured by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). CCK-8 assay and ALP assay were performed to evaluate cytotoxicity of released MMA monomer and cell differentiation. The attachment of cells to CaSO4-augmented bone cement discs was observed by confocal and scanning electron microscopy, and surface topography was also evaluated by atomic force microscopy. The results revealed that increased CaSO4 weight ratios led to compromised mechanical strength and increased MMA monomer release. Cell density and cell differentiation on CaSO4-augmented bone cement discs were decreased at CaSO4 weight ratios above 10%. In addition, the presence of micropores on the surface and surface roughness were both increased for PMMA composite discs containing higher levels of CaSO4. These results demonstrated that fewer MC3T3-E1 cells on the surface of CaSO4–PMMA composites was correlated to increased MMA monomer release, micropore number and surface roughness. In summary, the augmentation of a higher proportion of CaSO4 (>10 wt. %) to PMMA did not promote the biological properties of traditional PMMA bone cement. ? 2021 IOP Publishing Ltd.
Subjects
Calcium sulfate
Cell attachment
Methyl methacrylate
Monomer
Surface roughness
Acrylic monomers
Atomic force microscopy
Bone
Bone cement
Cells
Cytology
Driers (materials)
Esters
Liquid chromatography
Microporosity
Scanning electron microscopy
Sulfate minerals
Topography
Biological properties
Cell differentiation
Chemical and biologicals
Methyl methacrylates
Orthopedic applications
Particle reinforcement
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
Ultra performance liquid chromatography
Calcium compounds
bone cement
calcium sulfate
monomer
poly(methyl methacrylate)
actin filament
animal cell
Article
atomic force microscopy
cell adhesion
cell density
cell differentiation
cell structure
cell viability
compressive strength
confocal microscopy
controlled study
cytotoxicity
flexural strength
fluorescence intensity
materials testing
MC3T3-E1 cell line
mechanical test
mechanics
mouse
nonhuman
osteoblast
scanning electron microscopy
surface property
ultra performance liquid chromatography
SDGs
Type
journal article