https://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/598588
Title: | Estimation of Soil and Dust Ingestion Rates from the Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation Soil and Dust Model for Children in Taiwan | Authors: | Wang Y.-L Tsou M.M.-C Pan K.-H ?zkaynak H Dang W Hsi H.-C Chien L.-C. HSING-CHENG HSI |
Keywords: | children;health risk assessment;ingestion rate;SHEDS-S/D model;Dust;Environmental Protection Agency;Health risks;Heavy metals;Risk assessment;Risk perception;Sensitivity analysis;Stochastic models;Stochastic systems;Dermal absorption;Dose simulations;Higher frequencies;Human exposures;Influential factors;Soil ingestions;Tracer element;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency;Soils;arsenic;cadmium;chromium;copper;heavy metal;lead;tracer;zinc;child health;dust;estimation method;numerical model;pollution exposure;simulation;soil pollution;stochasticity;Article;child;controlled study;direct contact transmission;environmental exposure;health hazard;human;indirect contact transmission;ingestion;preschool child;risk assessment;sand;sedentary lifestyle;sensitivity analysis;skin absorption;soil;soil texture;stochastic model;Taiwan;eating;Child;Child, Preschool;Eating;Environmental Exposure;Humans;Risk Assessment;Soil | Issue Date: | 2021 | Journal Volume: | 55 | Journal Issue: | 17 | Start page/Pages: | 11805-11813 | Source: | Environmental Science and Technology | Abstract: | This study focuses on estimating the probabilistic soil and dust ingestion rates for children under 3 years old by the Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation Soil and Dust (SHEDS-S/D) model developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The health risk of children’s exposure to heavy metals through soil and dust ingestion and dermal absorption was then assessed in three exposure scenarios. In the exposure scenario of direct contact with soil, the average soil and dust ingestion rates for children aged 24 to 36 months were 90.7 and 29.8 mg day-1in the sand and clay groups, respectively. Hand-to-mouth soil ingestion was identified as the main contributor to soil and dust ingestion rates, followed by hand-to-mouth dust ingestion and object-to-mouth dust ingestion. The soil-to-skin adherence factor was the most influential factor increasing the soil and dust ingestion rate based on a sensitivity analysis in the SHEDS-S/D model. Furthermore, the modeled soil and dust ingestion rates based on the SHEDS-S/D model were coincident with results calculated by the tracer element method. Our estimates highlight the soil ingestion rate as the key parameter increasing the risk for children, while a higher frequency of hand washing could potentially reduce the risk. ? 2021 American Chemical Society |
URI: | https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85114025881&doi=10.1021%2facs.est.1c00706&partnerID=40&md5=e0a6579349a2abd3f11985685f5b7bed https://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/598588 |
ISSN: | 0013936X | DOI: | 10.1021/acs.est.1c00706 |
Appears in Collections: | 環境工程學研究所 |
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