The Synthesis of Europium-Doped Calcium Carbonate by an Eco-Method as Free Radical Generator Under Low-Intensity Ultrasonic Irradiation for Body Sculpture
Journal
Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
Journal Volume
9
Date Issued
2021
Author(s)
Kuan C.-Y
Lin Y.-Y
Yang I.-H
Chen C.-Y
Chi C.-Y
Li C.-H
Chen Z.-Y
Lin L.-Z
Yang C.-C
Lin F.-H.
Abstract
Body sculpture is a common method to remove excessive fat. The diet and exercise are the first suggestion to keep body shape; however, those are difficult to keep adherence. Ultrasound has been developed for fat ablation; however, it could only serve as the side treatment along with liposuction. In the study, a sonosensitizer of europium-doped calcium carbonate (CaCO3: Eu) would be synthesized by an eco-method and combined with low-intensity ultrasound for lipolysis. The crystal structure of CaCO3: Eu was identified by x-ray diffractometer (XRD). The morphology of CaCO3: Eu was analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The chemical composition of CaCO3: Eu was evaluated by energy-dispersed spectrophotometer (EDS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). The electronic diffraction pattern was to further check crystal structure of the synthesized individual grain by transmission electron microscope (TEM). The particle size was determined by Zeta-sizer. Water-soluble tetrazolium salt (WST-1) were used to evaluate the cell viability. Chloromethyl-2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (CM-H2DCFDA) and live/dead stain were used to evaluate feasibility in vitro. SD-rat was used to evaluate the safety and efficacy in vivo. The results showed that CaCO3: Eu had good biocompatibility and could produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) after treated with low-intensity ultrasound. After 4-weeks, the CaCO3: Eu exposed to ultrasound irradiation on SD rats could significantly decrease body weight, waistline, and subcutaneous adipose tissue. We believe that ROS from sonoluminescence, CO2-bomb and locally increasing Ca2+ level would be three major mechanisms to remove away adipo-tissue and inhibit adipogenesis. We could say that the combination of the CaCO3: Eu and low-intensity ultrasound would be a non-invasive treatment for the body sculpture. Copyright ? 2021 Kuan, Lin, Yang, Chen, Chi, Li, Chen, Lin, Yang and Lin.
Subjects
body sculpture
calcium carbonate
europium
reactive oxygen species
ultrasound
Biocompatibility
Calcite
Calcium carbonate
Crystal structure
Inductively coupled plasma
Irradiation
Mass spectrometers
Noninvasive medical procedures
Oxygen
Particle size
Scanning electron microscopy
Sonochemistry
Tissue
Transmission electron microscopy
Ultrasonics
Body sculpture
Crystals structures
ECO method
Europium-doped
Free radical generator
Low intensity ultrasound
Low-intensity
Reactive oxygen species
Synthesised
Ultrasonics irradiations
Free radicals
Type
journal article