Assessing pollution and risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants in China’s top coal-producing region
Journal
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
Journal Volume
191
Journal Issue
2
Date Issued
2019
Author(s)
Abstract
Managing and disposing of sewage sludge have been a severe environmental challenge around the world. China produces hundreds of million tons of sewage sludge annually, and a better understanding of the extent and risk of the associated pollution is of critical importance for implementing environmentally safe regulations and practices. The present study examined the quantity, composition, source, and risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sewage sludge from 18 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Shaanxi, one of China’s top coal-producing provinces. The total concentrations of 16 PAHs varied from 778 to 3264 ng/g dry weight, which is below the upper safety limit (5000 ng/g dry weight) set for the disposal of sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants for agricultural use in China. However, the concentration of individual PAH compound exceeded the acceptable level prescribed by the Netherland Soil Standard. Three-ring PAHs were the most abundant constituent (50% of total PAHs on average), followed by four-ring PAHs averaging 25%. Relative to sludge PAHs in the same region a decade ago, the total concentrations decreased by more than 27% and the composition shifted to a more pronounced dominance by low molecular weight compounds. This compositional shift suggests higher contributions of petrogenic sources, which may reflect China’s increasing consumption of petroleum products over the past decade. The flux of sludge PAHs from each WWTP was positively correlated with the corresponding city’s GDP and population, and the total flux amounted to over 100 kg each year for WWTPs in the Xi’an city. The mean toxicity equivalent quantity (TEQ) value was more than twice higher than the value recommended by the Netherlands Soil Standard, and seven carcinogenic PAHs were the primary contributor (i.e., 89–99%) of the TEQ. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that sewage sludge PAHs in Shaanxi constitute a significant source of environmental pollution and toxicity, which cautions against the direct discharge and reuse of sewage sludge and further highlights challenges in managing and disposing of the vast quantities of sewage sludge in China. © 2019, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Subjects
Coal consumption; Coal production; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Risk assessment; Sewage sludge; Shaanxi; Toxic equivalent quantity; Wastewater treatment plant
SDGs
Other Subjects
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; agriculture; Article; China; coal mining; concentration (parameter); dry weight; environmental impact assessment; land use; pollution; sewage; sewage disposal; soil analysis; waste water management; analysis; animal; environmental monitoring; human; risk assessment; toxicity; waste water; water pollutant; Animals; China; Environmental Monitoring; Humans; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; Risk Assessment; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Waste Water; Water Pollutants, Chemical
Type
journal article