Superoxide Initiates the Hyphal Differentiation to Microsclerotia Formation of Macrophomina phaseolina
Journal
Microbiology Spectrum
Journal Volume
10
Journal Issue
1
Date Issued
2022
Author(s)
Abstract
The infection of Macrophomina phaseolina often results in a grayish appearance with numerous survival structures, microsclerotia, on the plant surface. Past works have studied the development of fungal survival structures, sclerotia and microsclerotia, in the Leotiomycetes and Sordariomycetes. However, M. phaseolina belongs to the Dothideomycetes, and it remains unclear whether the mechanism of microsclerotia formation remains conserved among these phylogenetic clades. This study applied RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) to profile gene expressions at four stages of microsclerotia formation, and the results suggested that reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related functions were significantly different between the microsclerotia stages and the hyphal stage. Microsclerotia formation was reduced in the plates amended with antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, dithiothreitol (DTT), and glutathione. Surprisingly, DTT drastically scavenged H2O2, but the microsclerotia amount remained similar to the treatment of ascorbic acid and glutathione that both did not completely eliminate H2O2. This observation suggested the importance of O22 over H2O2 in initiating microsclerotia formation. To further validate this hypothesis, the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) inhibitor diethyldithiocarbamate trihydrate (DETC) and H2O2 were tested. The addition of DETC resulted in the accumulation of endogenous O22 and more microsclerotia formation, but the treatment of H2O2 did not. The expression of SOD1 genes were also found to be upregulated in the hyphae to the microsclerotia stage, which suggested a higher endogenous O22 stress presented in these stages. In summary, this study not only showed that the ROS stimulation remained conserved for initiating microsclerotia formation of M. phaseolina but also highlighted the importance of O22 in initiating the hyphal differentiation to microsclerotia formation. IMPORTANCE Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been proposed as the key stimulus for sclerotia development by studying fungal systems such as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and the theory has been adapted for microsclerotia development in Verticillium dahliae and Nomuraea rileyi. While many studies agreed on the association between (micro) sclerotia development and the ROS pathway, which ROS type, superoxide (O22 ) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), plays a major role in initiating hyphal differentiation to the (micro) sclerotia formation remains controversial, and literature supporting either O22 or H2O2 can be found. This study confirmed the association between ROS and microsclerotia formation for the charcoal rot fungus Macrophomina phaseolina. Moreover, the accumulation of O22 but not H2O2 was found to induce higher density of microsclerotia. By integrating transcriptomic and phenotypic assays, this study presented the first conclusive case for M. phaseolina that O22 is the main ROS stimulus in determining the amount of microsclerotia formation. Copyright © 2022 Liu et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
Subjects
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2); Macrophomina phaseolina; Microsclerotia; Reactive oxygen species (ROS); Superoxide (O22)
SDGs
Other Subjects
glutathione; hydrogen peroxide; reactive oxygen metabolite; superoxide; Ascomycetes; cell differentiation; drug effect; fungus hyphae; gene expression; genetics; metabolism; microbiology; phylogeny; plant disease; Ascomycota; Cell Differentiation; Gene Expression; Glutathione; Hydrogen Peroxide; Hyphae; Phylogeny; Plant Diseases; Reactive Oxygen Species; Superoxides
Type
journal article