Environmental performance of integrated solar flow battery systems

Integrated solar flow batteries (SFBs) are developed from a novel technology combining the functions of electricity generation and storage in one integrated device. Despite being in their infancy, their high efficiency, compact design, and reduced electronics are widely established. However, we know little about their environmental performance. Here, we present this lab-scale technology's first detailed life cycle assessment, specifically of one using a perovskite/silicon tandem photoelectrode. We also compared the environmental performance of the integrated SFB with an established competitor: a photovoltaic panel using the same tandem, coupled with a lithium manganese oxide battery. We found that, on average, ∼59% of the environmental impacts are from the electrolytes, 23% from the structure, and 18% from the PV component of the SFB. Our results showed that by replacing the Teflon and polyether ether ketone materials used in the structure of this SFB, we could reduce ozone depletion and global warming potential impacts by 85% and 36% respectively. Extending the lifetime of the electrolytes can further improve this SFB's environmental performance.