Smoking and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder or bipolar disorder using electronic mental health records.
Journal
BJPsych open
Journal Volume
12
Journal Issue
2
Start Page
e67
ISSN
2056-4724
Date Issued
2026-02-16
Author(s)
Cohen, Hannah R
Ahn-Robbins, Deborah
Bogdanowicz, Karolina
Chandran, David
Kartoglu, Emre
Shetty, Hitesh
Vermeulen, Jentien M
Sanyal, Jyoti
Stewart, Robert
Schirmbeck, Frederike
de Haan, Lieuwe
Hayes, Richard D
Abstract
Background: Comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) or obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) are common in people with severe mental illness (SMI; including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and schizoaffective disorder), with little known about associations with smoking.
Aims: To estimate the association between OCD/OCS and smoking status among people with SMI in a huge electronic database.
Method: Using the Clinical Records Interactive Search (CRIS) platform for data of service users in the South London and Maudsley (SLaM) NHS Foundation Trust, tobacco smoking status was retrospectively detected through an algorithm of natural language processing technique, categorising into 'current smoker', 'ex-smoker' and 'non-smoker' by the clinical notes of SMI individuals during 2007-2015. A hierarchical assignment rule was applied following the order of 'smoker', 'ex-smoker' and then 'non-smoker' in an individual. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between smoking and OCS in people with SMI for univariable and multivariable analyses.
Results: We identified 15 479 SMI individuals (56% male; mean age 41 years old), with 90.4% ever smoked. Among them, 2320 (15%) had OCS (without OCD), while 2174 (14%) had a clinical diagnosis of comorbid OCD. After adjusting for demographics and functional status as confounders, both SMI individuals with OCS only and an OCD diagnosis were significantly more likely to have ever smoked (adj. odds ratio 1.47, 95% CI 1.23, 1.76 and adj. odds ratio 1.33, 95% CI 1.11, 1.60, respectively) compared with those without OCD/OCS.
Conclusions: In this large-scale analysis of people with SMI, we found that individuals with OCS or OCD were more likely to have ever smoked.
Subjects
Obsessive–compulsive symptom
natural language processing
obsessive–compulsive disorder
severe mental illness
smoking
Publisher
Cambridge University Press
Type
journal article