https://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/4686
標題: | 傳統中國醫學的傳染觀念研究─以漢宋之際的醫者為例 The Conceptions of Contagion in Traditional Chinese Medicine during the Han and Song China |
作者: | 張嘉鳳 | 關鍵字: | 染易;相染;傳染;疫疾;醫者;醫學;漢宋;contagion;epidemics;medicine;aeotiology;medical history | 公開日期: | 31-七月-2000 | 出版社: | 臺北市:國立臺灣大學歷史學系暨研究所 | 摘要: | 計劃旨在研究漢宋之際醫者的 「傳染」觀念,一方面了解當時醫學 如何應對傳染性疾病的衝擊,建立出 哪些相關的醫學理論與假說;另一方 面則是深入發掘醫者之間對於傳染性 疾病見解的異同,以及他們之間的爭 論,並且藉著此一爭論,鳥瞰當時社 會對於傳染性疾病的認識與態度及其 漢宋之際的醫者,常以「相染」、 「染易」、「度著」、「傳染」等詞,形 容與分類大規模流行的疫疾,而這裡 所謂的大規模流行的疫疾,根據漢宋 之間的醫學典籍,實則包括今日流行 病學中所稱的「流行病」-包含傳染 在疾病的分類方面,大規模流行 之疫疾,往往隨其證分別在不同的類 別中出現,漢宋之際的醫者並無一致 的看法。其次,疾病是否具有「相染」、 「染易」或「傳染」之特質,並非醫 者分類疾病之主要標準。此外,值得 注意的是,多數醫者傾向於相信「一 病多源」之說,「染易」或「傳染」只 是某些疾病的病因之一。 漢宋之際的醫者多相信特定之疾 疫有「相染」的可能,其致病原因, 主要包括鬼神之力、品質邪惡的氣、 男女性接觸以及所謂的「邪」等等; 至於其「相染」的途徑亦多,乃以近 距離接觸病患或其尸,甚至還包括參 與喪禮或前往特定地點等等。 並非所有的漢宋醫者均深信疫疾 具有「相染」的可能,由於一般世俗 多相信侍奉病人將可能「染易」疫疾, 因而在大規模疫疾來臨時,往往棄親 故於不顧而逃疫,遂引發當時社會之 爭論。由於此一爭論觸及儒家思想核 心之一的倫理孝友之道,醫者之中不 乏力爭無所謂「傳染」者,其最著者 之一當屬宋代儒醫程迥,著書立論讜 伐「傳染」觀念,惟此並未蔚為主流, 亦未能一改當時之社會風氣。 2 This research project discusses the development of medicine by way of examining the doctrines and concepts of contagious disease during the Han and Song dynasties. This project also delves into various medical concepts concerning the aeotiology of contagious disease and related debates between medical practitioners. Those debates that entangled with political, intellectual and social concerns provide us a closer look into the changing knowledge of contagious disease over centuries in premodern China. During Han and Song dynasties, medical practitioners created many terms of "contagion" and classified contagious disease into various categories. Although medical practitioners tended to believe that "contagion" was one of possible factors causing a certain disease, and they assumed that other factors could also resulted in such particular disease. Medical practitioners attributed contagious disease to the demon and ghost, heteropathic qi (xie qi) and heteropathy (xie). They also asserted that nursing, contacting or coming close to patients or their corpses, or even attending funerals or wandering around a certain places would have contracted contagious disease and led to devastate consequence. During the Han and Song periods, when an epidemic struck, healthy laymen were likely to abandon their sick relatives and escape. This caused social problems and, most importantly, contradicted the Confucian norm. Therefore, some physicians, ru-yi (Confucian/literati physician) in particular, and political elites conscientiously not only denounced the ideas of "contagion" but also set examples to care for patients in an attempt to reverse the prevailing customs. Yet their efforts achieved little. |
URI: | http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/21247 | 其他識別: | 892411H002029 | Rights: | 國立臺灣大學歷史學系暨研究所 |
顯示於: | 歷史學系 |
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892411H002029.pdf | 33.03 kB | Adobe PDF | 檢視/開啟 |
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